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Related Concept Videos

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The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
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Multi-dimensional printing in thoracic surgery: current and future applications.

Jackson K S Kwok1, Rainbow W H Lau1, Ze-Rui Zhao1

  • 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|May 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is revolutionizing medicine, aiding surgical planning and creating custom implants. Future applications in bioprinting and 4D printing promise further advancements in patient care.

Keywords:
Three-dimensional (3D) printingbioprintingfour dimensional (4D) printingmulti-dimensional printingthoracic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Technology
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Bioprinting

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly utilized in healthcare.
  • Current applications focus on pre-operative surgical planning for complex procedures.
  • Personalized medical devices, including prostheses and airway splints, are being produced.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of 3D printing in thoracic surgery.
  • To provide an overview of emerging uses in bioprinting and 4D printing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current 3D printing applications in medicine.
  • Analysis of case studies in thoracic surgery.
  • Exploration of research trends in bioprinting and 4D printing.

Main Results:

  • 3D printing is crucial for pre-operative planning in complex surgeries.
  • Customized implants like rib cages, vertebral bodies, and airway splints demonstrate its utility.
  • Ongoing research indicates a growing role for 3D printing across surgical disciplines.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing significantly enhances surgical planning and patient-specific device creation.
  • The technology is poised for expanded use in thoracic surgery and related fields.
  • Bioprinting and 4D printing represent future frontiers for 3D printing in medicine.