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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
Published on: June 25, 2011
Integrating oncolytic viruses in combination cancer immunotherapy
Praveen K Bommareddy1, Megha Shettigar2, Howard L Kaufman3,4
1Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Abstract:
Oncolytic viruses can be usefully integrated into tumour immunotherapies, as they target multiple steps within the cancer-immunity cycle. Oncolytic viruses directly lyse tumour cells, leading to the release of soluble antigens, danger signals and type I interferons, which drive antitumour immunity. In addition, some oncolytic viruses can be engineered to express therapeutic genes or can functionally alter tumour-associated endothelial cells, further enhancing T cell recruitment into immune-excluded or immune-deserted tumour microenvironments. Oncolytic viruses can also utilize established tumours as an in situ source of neoantigen vaccination through cross-presentation, resulting in regression of distant, uninfected tumours. These features make oncolytic viruses attractive agents for combination strategies to optimize cancer immunotherapy.
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