Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Thyroid Pathology.

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Pathology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is increasingly vital for diagnosing thyroid lesions.
• New biomarkers enhance the accuracy of IHC in thyroid cancer assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review critical biomarkers for accurate thyroid lesion diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
• To highlight the role of IHC in differentiating thyroid tumors from mimics and classifying subtypes.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on immunohistochemical markers in thyroid pathology.
• Discussion of specific biomarkers for tumor origin confirmation, subclassification, and molecular alterations.

Main Results:

• IHC distinguishes thyroid origin (follicular vs. C-cell) and identifies mimics like parathyroid tumors.
• Mutation-specific antibodies (e.g., BRAF V600E) aid in subtyping papillary carcinomas.
• Biomarkers predict aggressive behavior, lymphatic spread, and help classify poorly differentiated/anaplastic carcinomas.

Conclusions:

• IHC is essential for accurate thyroid neoplasm diagnosis and classification.
• Biomarker application improves understanding of pathogenesis and patient prognosis.
• IHC facilitates precise diagnosis, aiding in tailored patient management strategies.