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Related Concept Videos

Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

1.1K
Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
1.1K
Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

519
The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
519
Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

842
Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...
842
Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

1.2K
Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
1.2K
Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

Preplaced Aggregate Concrete

391
Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
391
Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

344
The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is...
344

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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
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Nanoparticle Tracking for Protein Aggregation Research.

Xiaomeng Lu1, Regina M Murphy2

  • 1Biophysics Program and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoparticle tracking analysis measures protein aggregate size and concentration particle-by-particle. This label-free, solution-based technique aids research into neurodegenerative diseases and biologic drug manufacturing challenges.

Keywords:
AmyloidDiffusionLight scatteringNanoparticlesProtein aggregation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Protein aggregates are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
  • Protein aggregation presents manufacturing challenges for biologic drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe protocols for using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in protein aggregation research.
  • To illustrate the application of NTA with examples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) for particle-by-particle measurement.
  • Employed a solution-based technique requiring no sample labeling.
  • Applied NTA to quantify aggregate size and concentration.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the capability of NTA to measure protein aggregates.
  • Provided practical examples of NTA application in research settings.
  • Highlighted the technique's suitability for sensitive aggregate analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoparticle tracking analysis is a valuable tool for studying protein aggregation.
  • NTA facilitates research in neurodegenerative disorders and biopharmaceutical development.
  • The label-free, solution-based nature of NTA offers advantages for aggregate characterization.