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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

16.3K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
16.3K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

13.0K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
13.0K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

8.1K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
8.1K
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.4K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
7.4K
Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

4.8K
Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
4.8K
Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:08

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

6.2K
The reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid, yields a tertiary alcohol. In the case of formate esters, secondary alcohols are formed.
The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and introduces two identical alkyl groups, derived from the Grignard reagent, bonded to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of the alcohol.
The reaction follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. The Grignard...
6.2K

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Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis
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Alcohol policies and programmes which reduced alcohol-related harm.

Allaman Allamani1

  • 1Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Florence, Italy.

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Effective alcohol policies require a nuanced approach, focusing on country-specific contexts and targeted harms like problem drinking, rather than solely on consumption levels. This ensures better public health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Policy
  • Alcohol Studies

Background:

  • Alcohol consumption remains a significant global health concern, linked to various harms.
  • Existing alcohol policies often focus broadly on consumption, with varying implementation success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the effectiveness of evidence-based alcohol policies and their implementation.
  • To analyze the impact of country-specific factors on alcohol policy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies and observations.
  • Analysis of the interplay between alcohol consumption, harm, and contextual determinants.

Main Results:

  • Country context significantly influences the effectiveness of alcohol policies.
  • The relationship between alcohol consumption and harm is complex and context-dependent.
  • Policies addressing specific harms and problem drinking show potential.

Conclusions:

  • Alcohol policies should be tailored to specific country contexts and community needs.
  • Focusing on contextual determinants and targeted harms is more effective than solely reducing consumption.
  • Future interventions must consider local factors for optimal public health impact.