Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A DNA-guided prokaryotic argonaute enables programmable RNA cleavage for sequencing and quality control of <i>in vitro</i>-transcribed RNAs.

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids·2026

Same author

Knockout of OsRbohD (the NADPH Oxidase Gene) Enhances Saline-Alkaline Stress Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice by Reducing ROS Accumulation.

Rice (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Semirandom DNA adducts regulate a filamentous defense-associated reverse transcriptase.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026

Same author

Regulation of exosomal miR-513a and miR-149 expression by APE1 in PD-L1 and TCR immune regulation pathways to promote immune evasion in osteosarcoma.

Cancer genetics·2026

Same author

Archaeal family B DNA polymerase facilitates lagging strand DNA replication in the Thermococcales.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same author

Systematic screening of archaeal MazF homologs reveals Tth-MazF1, a versatile, sequence-specific ribonuclease from Thermococcus thioreducens.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

Cap 2'-O-methyltransferase CMTR2 regulates male meiosis independent of its methyltransferase activity.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

APE1 binds and processes abasic sites present in i-motif DNA and cooperates with PCBP1 in maintenance of telomeric stability.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

Acquisition of a novel restriction modification system regulates genetic flux and gene expression in the hypervirulent and globally disseminated CC17 lineage of group B Streptococcus.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

Trans-species microRNAs from the parasitic plant Cuscuta campestris specifically avoid loading onto self Argonautes.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

Neurochondrin promotes U5 snRNP maturation by regulating AAR2 release from PRPF8.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same journal

Elongationless start-stop elements are stress-resilient translation gates that are more repressive than uTranslons.

Nucleic acids research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Published on: June 12, 2018

Base modifications affecting RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase fidelity.

Vladimir Potapov¹, Xiaoqing Fu^1,2, Nan Dai¹

¹New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, Massachusetts, 01938, USA.

Nucleic Acids Research

|May 12, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Modified ribonucleotides impact RNA synthesis and reverse transcription fidelity. N6-methyladenosine and 5-hydroxymethyluridine increased errors, while pseudouridine affected RNA polymerase fidelity.

More Related Videos

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Increasing cDNA Yields from Single-cell Quantities of mRNA in Standard Laboratory Reverse Transcriptase Reactions using Acoustic Microstreaming

Increasing cDNA Yields from Single-cell Quantities of mRNA in Standard Laboratory Reverse Transcriptase Reactions using Acoustic Microstreaming

Published on: July 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Published on: June 12, 2018

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Increasing cDNA Yields from Single-cell Quantities of mRNA in Standard Laboratory Reverse Transcriptase Reactions using Acoustic Microstreaming

Increasing cDNA Yields from Single-cell Quantities of mRNA in Standard Laboratory Reverse Transcriptase Reactions using Acoustic Microstreaming

Published on: July 11, 2011

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) modifications are crucial for biological function and synthetic biology.
The impact of these modifications on RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase fidelity remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the fidelity of RNA synthesis and reverse transcription for various chemically modified ribonucleotides.
To determine how specific base modifications influence the accuracy of RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases.

Main Methods:

Utilized Pacific Biosciences Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing for fidelity assays.
Compared the activity and fidelity of T7 RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptases on modified versus unmodified RNA bases.
Analyzed reverse transcription errors, including frequency, mutational spectrum, and sequence context.

Main Results:

5-hydroxymethyluridine (hm5U) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) increased the overall error rate of RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase activity.
Pseudouridine (Ψ) specifically elevated the error rate during RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase.
Detailed analysis of reverse transcription errors on DNA templates was performed.

Conclusions:

Chemical modifications of RNA bases can significantly alter the fidelity of nucleic acid processing enzymes.
Understanding these effects is critical for applications involving modified RNA and for deciphering RNA