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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
Published on: April 23, 2021
Cognitive biases in orbital mass lesions - Lessons learned
Heather M McDonald1, James P Farmer1,2,3,4, Paula L Blanco1,2
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Clinicians should not assume orbital masses are prostate cancer metastasis. Biopsies are crucial, as orbital lymphoma is a more common diagnosis, requiring different treatment.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Ophthalmology
- Pathology
Background:
- Past medical history can influence current diagnosis due to anchoring bias.
- Prostate cancer survivors may present with new, unrelated conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight diagnostic challenges in patients with a history of cancer.
- To emphasize the importance of tissue diagnosis for orbital masses.
Main Methods:
- Case report of two patients with orbital masses and a history of prostate cancer.
- Review of clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment.
Main Results:
- Initial suspicion for prostate cancer metastasis to the orbit in both cases.
- Histopathological examination revealed orbital lymphoma in both patients.
Conclusions:
- Orbital lymphoma is a more common cause of orbital masses than prostate cancer metastasis.
- Tissue diagnosis is essential for accurate treatment of orbital masses in cancer survivors.
- Avoid diagnostic anchoring bias when evaluating new symptoms in patients with a cancer history.
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