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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Drosophila Model to Study Wound-induced Polyploidization
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Haplotype-Based Genotyping in Polyploids.

Josh P Clevenger1, Walid Korani2, Peggy Ozias-Akins2

  • 1Mars-Wrigley Confectionery, Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Athens, GA, United States.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|May 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification in polyploid crops is improved using a novel haplotype-based method. This approach enhances confidence in marker identification for polyploid genomics.

Keywords:
ArachisSNP arrayhaplotype markerspolyploid SNPssequence-based genotyping

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Breeding
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Accurate polymorphism identification is vital for high-throughput sequencing in genomics.
  • Polyploid genomes present challenges for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification due to read alignment complexities.
  • Existing methods for SNP detection in polyploids often yield low confidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a haplotype-based method for accurate SNP identification in allotetraploid genomes.
  • To assess the efficacy of this method in *Arachis hypogaea* (peanut) using a large-scale SNP array.
  • To provide a computational tool for implementing haplotype-based genotyping in polyploid research.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 48K SNP array (Axiom Arachis2) for *Arachis hypogaea*, including 1,674 haplotype-based SNPs.
  • Implementation of the haplotype-based method in the standalone program HAPLOSWEEP.
  • Haplotype discovery utilizing single or paired reads, adaptable to long-read technologies.

Main Results:

  • The haplotype-based SNP markers achieved a 74% validation rate in the peanut array, significantly higher than previous methods.
  • HAPLOSWEEP successfully identifies haplotype-based markers from bam and vcf files.
  • The method demonstrates applicability across various allopolyploid genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Haplotype-based genotyping offers a more accurate and confident approach for marker identification in polyploid genomics.
  • The HAPLOSWEEP program provides a valuable tool for researchers working with polyploid sequence data.
  • This method significantly improves SNP discovery accuracy in complex polyploid genomes.