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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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The Nucleolus02:55

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Reaction Rate02:53

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice
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[Research progress in pneumolysin].

Wu Rui, Kui Nie, Rendong Fang

    Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao = Acta Microbiologica Sinica
    |May 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pneumolysin, a key Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor, exhibits cytotoxicity and modulates immune responses. Understanding its structure and function is crucial for developing novel vaccines and therapeutics.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Immunology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Pneumolysin is a multifunctional virulence factor from Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    • It belongs to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins family and possesses 4 distinct domains.
    • Pneumolysin exhibits significant cytotoxicity towards various host cells.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the latest research on the structure and function of pneumolysin.
    • To discuss the role of pneumolysin in host immune responses.
    • To explore pneumolysin as a potential target for vaccine and drug development.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of recent studies on pneumolysin.
    • Analysis of pneumolysin's structural and functional properties.
    • Examination of its interactions with host immune components.

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    Main Results:

    • Pneumolysin activates the complement classical pathway.
    • It induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and monocytes.
    • These activities mediate crucial host immune responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Pneumolysin's multifaceted roles highlight its significance in pneumococcal pathogenesis.
    • Targeting pneumolysin offers a promising strategy for novel vaccine and drug development.
    • Further research into pneumolysin's structure-function relationship is warranted.