Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage
Published on: February 15, 2013
Current status and future directions of invasive pneumococcal diseases and prophylactic approaches to control them
Paeton L Wantuch1, Fikri Y Avci1
1a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Center for Molecular Medicine and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.
Abstract:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human bacterial pathogen responsible for millions of deaths each year and significantly more illnesses worldwide. With over 90 different serotypes, providing effective vaccine programs has been a continuing challenge. Since 1983, the world has been introduced to four different pneumococcal vaccines (PPSV23, PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13) each with their own complications and successes. Since vaccination programs began, a decrease in the overall rate of pneumococcal pneumonia and associated diseases has been observed, notably in higher risk populations. However, with a decrease in incidence of vaccine type pneumococcal serotypes, increases in non-vaccine serotypes of the bacteria have been observed along with serotype switching. Additionally, a rise in antibiotic resistant strains of S. pneumoniae is noted. Here we discuss both the positive and negative clinical manifestations of pneumonia vaccine programs and discuss the challenges in pneumococcal vaccine design.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration
The fundamental requirements for coulometric titrations are (1) 100% efficiency in the reagent-generating electrode reaction and (2) a stoichiometric and preferably rapid reaction between the generated...
Marcia's Theory of Identity Status
Electrical Current
Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

