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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands01:29

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Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular and multicellular. The unicellular glands are scattered single cells, such as goblet cells, found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines. On the other hand, multicellular exocrine glands develop as secretory sheets, like the internal lining of the abdomen or chest. Such secretory sheets release their secretions directly into the lumen of these organs. In addition, some multicellular glands have deep-seated secretory units to...
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Fixed Action Patterns01:06

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
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The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Temporal Uptake Patterns of 18F-Fluorocholine Among Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Glands.

David Morland, Capucine Richard1, François Godard

  • 1Unité Thyroïde, Institut Jean Godinot.

Clinical Nuclear Medicine
|May 16, 2018
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Optimal timing for F-fluorocholine PET/CT in hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland localization is key. Early scans (5-10 minutes) are crucial, with later scans aiding diagnosis if initial imaging is inconclusive.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiopharmacology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Parathyroid gland localization for hyperparathyroidism is critical for surgical planning.
  • F-fluorocholine (FCH) PET/CT is increasingly used, but optimal scan timing remains unclear.
  • Understanding FCH uptake kinetics is essential for accurate diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A series of 9 patients with histologically confirmed hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands were studied.
  • Dynamic FCH PET/CT acquisitions were performed immediately after injection and at delayed intervals.
  • Heterogeneous temporal uptake patterns, including early washout, stable uptake, and late increase, were observed.

Findings:

  • Early FCH uptake (5-10 minutes post-injection) is important for identifying hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.
  • A delayed scan at 60 minutes can be valuable for diagnosis when early scans are negative.
  • No correlation was found between FCH uptake patterns and histological or genetic findings.

Implications:

  • Establishing optimal FCH PET/CT scan protocols can improve diagnostic accuracy for hyperparathyroidism.
  • Early dynamic imaging should be prioritized for efficient parathyroid localization.
  • Further research may refine FCH PET/CT protocols for specific patient populations.