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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami
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Multifluorophore DNA Origami Beacon as a Biosensing Platform.

Denis Selnihhin, Steffen Møller Sparvath, Søren Preus

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    Researchers developed a novel optical DNA origami nanobiosensor for rapid, sensitive DNA detection. This device uses precisely arranged fluorophores for high-output signals, enabling field applications with portable microscopes.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Biotechnology
    • Nanotechnology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Biosensors are crucial for diagnostics and environmental monitoring, demanding simple, cost-effective devices.
    • Current DNA-based sensors often require complex, time-consuming detection methods.
    • DNA nanotechnology offers advanced biosensor design but faces readout limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, construct, and characterize a novel optical DNA origami nanobiosensor.
    • To develop a high-output signal system for sensitive, single-device detection.
    • To establish a versatile platform for various target detection with potential for field use.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized DNA nanotechnology to create an optical nanobiosensor.
    • Employed arrays of precisely positioned donor and acceptor organic fluorophores.
    • Implemented multifluorophore Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) for signal amplification.
    • Characterized the device using conventional fluorescence microscopy.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high-output signals from single nanobiosensor devices.
    • Demonstrated increased signal-to-noise ratio through fluorophore array arrangement.
    • Enabled detection of target DNA sequences down to 100 pM in under 45 minutes.
    • Validated detection using conventional fluorescence microscopy.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed optical DNA origami nanobiosensor offers sensitive and rapid DNA detection.
    • The platform's signal amplification is suitable for portable microscopy and field applications.
    • This nanobiosensor design can be adapted for detecting a wide range of targets.