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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Directing citizens to create advance directives.

Sophie Haesen1, David Shaw2

  • 1Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Switzerland.

Swiss Medical Weekly
|May 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Swiss advance directives law offers legal certainty but lacks widespread adoption. Making discussion mandatory, shifting from "opt-in" to "opt-out," empowers citizens in healthcare decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioethics
  • Healthcare Law
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Swiss advance directives law enacted in 2013 provides legal clarity.
  • Despite legal backing, the drafting of advance directives remains uncommon in Switzerland.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the current status of advance directives in Switzerland.
  • To advocate for mandatory discussion of advance directives to promote proactive healthcare decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Swiss legislation on advance directives.
  • Analysis of a rejected parliamentary proposal for mandatory discussion.
  • Ethical and policy considerations regarding patient autonomy.

Main Results:

  • The 2013 law increased legal certainty for advance directives.
  • A proposal to mandate discussion of advance directives was rejected by Parliament.
  • Current adoption rates for advance directives are low.

Conclusions:

  • The rejection of mandatory discussion was unwarranted.
  • A shift from an "opt-in" to an "opt-out" system for advance directives is recommended.
  • Mandatory discussion would foster responsible citizenship and proactive healthcare choices.