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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Perception and Decision Making
  • Human Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Perception is shaped by attention to sensory features and environmental expectations.
  • Classic theories propose attention affects early sensory processing, while expectations influence later motor responses.
  • Recent studies suggest expectations may enhance early sensory evidence, challenging this framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether expectations about sensory features and motor responses modulate early sensory processing and evidence accumulation.
  • To differentiate the roles of attention and expectation in decision-making using electroencephalography (EEG).
  • To test recent claims that expectations enhance early sensory evidence processing.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a decision-making task while EEG was recorded.
  • Stimulus features (orientation, color) and motor responses were manipulated based on expectations.
  • EEG markers for early sensory processing (early visual negativity) and evidence accumulation (centro-parietal positivity) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • EEG markers confirmed sensitivity to sensory evidence but were not modulated by feature or motor expectations.
  • Expectations significantly impacted participant behavior, despite no effect on early sensory markers.
  • Violated expectations modulated posterior alpha and frontal theta oscillations, indicating effects on processing time and cognitive conflict.

Conclusions:

  • Findings contradict recent theories suggesting expectations enhance early sensory processing.
  • Expectations appear to influence decision-making primarily through post-perceptual stages, affecting cognitive control and processing duration.
  • This study refines our understanding of how prior knowledge shapes perception and behavior.