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Related Concept Videos

Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
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Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
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Dietary Zinc Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinases in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Angus G Scrimgeour1, Christopher T Carrigan1, Michelle L Condlin1

  • 11 Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) , Natick, Massachusetts.

Journal of Neurotrauma
|May 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dietary zinc (Zn) impacts recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Adequate Zn supports muscle repair via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), while low Zn may worsen behavioral deficits after blast mTBI.

Keywords:
blastmatrix metalloproteinasemild traumatic brain injuryneuroinflammationzinc

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) animal models are crucial for studying dietary interventions for recovery.
  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), zinc-dependent enzymes, are implicated in tissue remodeling following TBI.
  • Previous studies indicate dietary zinc (Zn) improves recovery in non-blast mTBI models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of low-zinc (LoZn) and adequate-zinc (AdZn) diets on MMP expression and behavioral outcomes after blast-induced mTBI.
  • To explore the role of Zn in modulating MMP activity and tissue repair mechanisms post-TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were exposed to a single blast injury under general anesthesia.
  • Dietary groups included low-zinc (LoZn) and adequate-zinc (AdZn) diets.
  • MMP messenger RNA expression in soleus muscle and frontal cortex was quantified at 48 hours and 14 days post-blast using RT-qPCR.

Main Results:

  • In muscle, adequate Zn (AdZn) led to upregulation of MT-MMP, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 at 48 hours post-blast; these effects normalized by 14 days.
  • In the frontal cortex, blast injury caused downregulation of MT-MMP, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, and upregulation of MMP-3 at 48 hours.
  • At 14 days post-blast, cortical MT-MMP, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 were downregulated irrespective of diet, while TIMP-1 increased in AdZn-fed rats.

Conclusions:

  • Marginally zinc-deficient status is linked to compromised muscle regenerative response post-injury, likely mediated by the MMP pathway.
  • Blast mTBI can induce chronic, diet-responsive, post-traumatic stress disorder-like traits, evidenced by increased immobility in LoZn-fed rats.
  • Variable MMP/TIMP responses in neuronal tissue suggest that marginal zinc deficiency may impair repair mechanisms in TBI patients with hypozincemia.