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Bonding in Metals02:32

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography
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Metal leaching from refinery waste hydroprocessing catalyst.

Meena Marafi1, Mohan S Rana1

  • 1a Petroleum Research Center , Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , Safat , Kuwait.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
|May 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an eco-friendly method to recover valuable metals like nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium from spent catalysts. The process efficiently extracts and recycles these metals, reducing refinery waste and economic costs.

Keywords:
Hazardous wastemetal recoveryresidue hydroprocessingspent catalystwaste utilization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Spent hydroprocessing catalysts contain valuable metals like nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V).
  • Disposal of spent catalysts poses environmental challenges and represents a loss of valuable resources.
  • Developing sustainable methods for metal recovery is crucial for a circular economy in the refining industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an environmentally friendly and economically viable process for recovering Ni, Mo, and V from spent hydroprocessing catalysts.
  • To optimize leaching conditions for efficient metal extraction.
  • To explore the potential reuse of recovered materials for synthesizing new catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage process involving alumina separation followed by metal compound separation.
  • Investigated the effectiveness of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), ammonium carbonate ((NH₄)₂CO₃), and ammonium persulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈) as leaching agents.
  • Evaluated the impact of reagent concentration (0.5–2.0 M), leaching time (1–6 h), and temperature (35–60°C) on metal extraction.
  • Studied the effect of mixed ammonium salts on metal recovery.

Main Results:

  • Optimal leaching conditions were determined for maximum recovery of Mo, Ni, and V.
  • Ammonium salts were found to form soluble metal complexes, with stability dependent on the salt and reaction conditions.
  • Mixed ammonium salts showed an adverse effect on Ni and V extraction but a marginal improvement for Mo.
  • Successful separation of alumina and metal compounds was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The developed eco-friendly methodology enables efficient recovery of valuable metals (Ni, Mo, V) from spent catalysts.
  • The recovered metals and support can be reused, contributing to sustainable catalyst synthesis.
  • The process offers significant environmental benefits by reducing refinery waste and economic advantages through metal recovery.