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This study models active particles with internal spin, revealing how activity enhances escape from potentials and influences translational motion. Irreversibility in particle motion emerges in higher-order correlations, impacting diffusion principles.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Particles with internal degrees of freedom exhibit complex dynamics.
  • Active particles, like run-and-tumble models, violate standard diffusion relations.
  • Understanding particle motion coupling internal states and translation is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model thermal and athermal overdamped motion of particles with coupled internal spin and translation.
  • To investigate the violation of the equipartition principle and Sutherland-Einstein relation in active particles.
  • To analyze how internal activity influences translational motion and escape dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a simplified run-and-tumble model for active particles.
  • Deriving a generalized telegraph equation for spatial density.
  • Analyzing time correlations and Arrhenius law for escape rates.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated irreversibility in translational motion appearing in higher-order time correlations.
  • Derived a generalized Smoluchowski equation for arbitrary spin values.
  • Showed that particle activity enhances escape from potential wells and dictates spatial current direction.

Conclusions:

  • Internal spin dynamics significantly impact particle translation and diffusion properties.
  • Active particle models offer insights into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding complex active matter behavior.