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Related Concept Videos

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and lithium response: a meta-analysis.

Megan J Ehret1, William Baker2, Hannah O'Neill2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. megan.ehret@uconn.edu.

Personalized Medicine
|May 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Val66Met polymorphism does not predict lithium response in bipolar disorder patients. Further research is needed to understand the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism in lithium treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
BDNFbipolar disorderbrain-derived neurotrophic factorlithiumpharmacogenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder often treated with lithium.
  • Genetic factors, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism, may influence lithium response.
  • Understanding these genetic predictors can personalize bipolar disorder treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and lithium response in bipolar disorder.
  • To synthesize existing evidence on this pharmacogenetic relationship.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL) up to July 2012.
  • Search terms included 'bipolar disorder', 'lithium', 'polymorphism', and 'brain-derived neurotrophic factor'.
  • Five studies met inclusion criteria; data were pooled using random effects models to calculate the odds ratio for lithium response.

Main Results:

  • The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism did not significantly predict response to prophylactic lithium treatment in the combined patient population.
  • The calculated odds ratio was 2.67, with a p-value of 0.078, indicating a trend but not statistical significance.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence suggests the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is not a reliable predictor of lithium response in bipolar disorder.
  • Prospective studies are required to definitively establish the role of this BDNF polymorphism in lithium treatment outcomes.
  • Further research may explore other genetic or clinical factors influencing lithium efficacy.