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Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Correlation01:09

Correlation

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Correlation and Regression00:53

Correlation and Regression

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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Coefficient of Correlation01:12

Coefficient of Correlation

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The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y.
If you suspect a linear relationship between x and y, then r can measure how strong the linear relationship is.
What the VALUE of r tells us:
The value of r is always between –1 and +1: –1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
The size of the correlation r indicates the...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Cryptococcal choroiditis in advanced AIDS with clinicopathologic correlation.

Christopher M Aderman1, Ian R Gorovoy2, Daniel L Chao3

  • 1Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports
|May 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study details cryptococcal meningitis with multifocal choroiditis in an advanced AIDS patient. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings correlated with histopathology, offering insights into ocular cryptococcosis.

Keywords:
AIDSClinicopathologic correlationCryptococcal choroiditisCryptococcus neoformansHIVMeningitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Disseminated cryptococcal infection is a serious opportunistic infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • Ocular involvement, such as cryptococcal choroiditis, can lead to significant vision loss.
  • Multifocal choroiditis in the context of AIDS requires careful diagnostic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a unique case of disseminated cryptococcal meningitis with multifocal choroiditis.
  • To correlate optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings with histopathology in ocular cryptococcosis.
  • To highlight diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for cryptococcal infections in advanced AIDS.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 54-year-old male patient with advanced AIDS presenting with dyspnea, headache, and acute vision loss.
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to evaluate ocular lesions.
  • Autopsy with bilateral enucleation and histopathological examination of a Cryptococcus lesion.

Main Results:

  • OCT revealed lesions with fluid, irregular external limiting membrane, nodular choroidal thickening, and photoreceptor layer hyperreflectivity.
  • Histopathology confirmed Cryptococcus lesions in the eye.
  • The patient succumbed to the disseminated infection despite aggressive treatment.

Conclusions:

  • This case underscores the importance of integrating clinical, imaging (OCT), and histopathological findings for diagnosing cryptococcal choroiditis.
  • OCT may offer valuable insights into the ocular spread of Cryptococcus in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Updated treatment guidelines for disseminated cryptococcal infection in advanced AIDS are crucial.