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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir.

Hawazin Faruki1, Myla Lai-Goldman1

  • 1Laboratory Corporation of America, 128 E Maple Ave, Burlington, NC 27215, USA. farukih@labcorp.com.

Personalized Medicine
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Screening for the HLA-B*5701 gene variant before prescribing abacavir is highly effective. This pharmacogenetic test prevented all hypersensitivity reactions in HIV-1 patients, advancing personalized medicine.

Keywords:
HIV-1HLAHLA-B*5701abacavirantiretroviralshuman immunodeficiency virushypersensitivitypharmacogenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Personalized Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug hypersensitivity reactions pose a significant clinical challenge.
  • Pharmacogenetic testing offers a promising approach to prevent adverse drug reactions.
  • Abacavir hypersensitivity is a well-documented concern in HIV-1 treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of HLA-B*5701 screening in preventing abacavir hypersensitivity.
  • To validate the use of pharmacogenetic testing in a clinical setting for abacavir therapy.
  • To assess the impact of HLA-B*5701 screening on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter global study involving over 1900 HIV-1-infected patients.
  • Prospective trial design implementing HLA-B*5701 screening prior to abacavir administration.
  • Avoidance of abacavir in patients positive for the HLA-B*5701 allele.

Main Results:

  • HLA-B*5701 screening demonstrated high effectiveness in preventing abacavir hypersensitivity.
  • The screening test achieved a 100% negative predictive value for hypersensitivity reactions.
  • No hypersensitivity reactions were observed in patients who were HLA-B*5701 negative and received abacavir.

Conclusions:

  • Prospective HLA-B*5701 screening is a validated pharmacogenetic strategy to prevent abacavir hypersensitivity.
  • This approach represents a significant advancement in personalized medicine for HIV-1 treatment.
  • Translating pharmacogenetic research into community practice requires addressing implementation factors.