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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

16.2K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
16.2K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

13.0K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
13.0K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

8.1K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
8.1K
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.4K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
7.4K
Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

4.8K
Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
4.8K
Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:08

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

6.2K
The reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid, yields a tertiary alcohol. In the case of formate esters, secondary alcohols are formed.
The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and introduces two identical alkyl groups, derived from the Grignard reagent, bonded to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of the alcohol.
The reaction follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. The Grignard...
6.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
14:54

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2015

9.1K

[EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY IN RATS.]

V A Kashkin, E V Shekunova, A A Muzhikyan

    Eksperimental'Naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia
    |May 24, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Chronic alcohol consumption in rats leads to peripheral neuropathy, characterized by allodynia and nerve damage. Gabapentin effectively mitigated these effects, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for alcoholic neuropathy.

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    The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION
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    Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

    Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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    Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis
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    The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION
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    The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Toxicology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Alcoholic neuropathy is a significant health concern.
    • Understanding its pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
    • Animal models are essential for studying neuropathy development and testing interventions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the behavioral and histopathological changes in rats with experimentally induced alcoholic neuropathy.
    • To evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin in managing the symptoms of alcoholic neuropathy.
    • To establish a reliable animal model for studying neuropathy and potential therapeutic agents.

    Main Methods:

    • Male Wistar rats were administered ethanol solutions with gradually increasing concentrations over 15 weeks.
    • Behavioral assessments were conducted to detect allodynia (a sign of neuropathy).
    • Histopathological examination of sciatic nerves was performed at various time points (5, 10, and 15 weeks) to assess nerve damage.

    Main Results:

    • Chronic ethanol consumption induced significant allodynia in rats starting from week 8.
    • Histopathological analysis revealed progressive nerve damage, including lipid deposition, demyelination, and inflammation, correlating with the duration of alcohol exposure.
    • Gabapentin treatment effectively reduced the behavioral signs of allodynia.

    Conclusions:

    • The established rat model effectively replicates key features of alcoholic neuropathy.
    • Early stages involve lipid deposition, progressing to demyelination and inflammation with prolonged alcohol exposure.
    • This model serves as a valuable platform for evaluating neuroprotective and analgesic compounds for neuropathy treatment.