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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures
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Addressing the minimum fleet problem in on-demand urban mobility.

M M Vazifeh1, P Santi2,3, G Resta3

  • 1Senseable City Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. mmvazifeh@gmail.com.

Nature
|May 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a network solution to optimize urban vehicle fleets, reducing fleet size by 30% for on-demand mobility services without changing user behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Operations Research
  • Urban Mobility
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Information and communication technologies enable new urban mobility solutions but fleet sizing remains a challenge.
  • Existing solutions are often not scalable or require changes in user behavior.
  • The 'minimum fleet problem' seeks the smallest fleet to meet demand without passenger delays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable and efficient solution for the minimum fleet problem in on-demand urban mobility.
  • To determine the minimum number of vehicles required to serve a given set of trips without delays.
  • To provide a method implementable in real-time for fleet operations.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced the concept of a 'vehicle-sharing network'.
  • Developed an optimal, computationally efficient solution and a near-optimal, real-time implementable solution.
  • Tested solutions on a dataset of 150 million New York City taxi trips.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method can reduce fleet size by 30% compared to current taxi operations.
  • Fleet size reduction is robust across a wide range of demand variations.
  • The solution does not require ride-sharing or changes in regulations or user attitudes.

Conclusions:

  • A network-based approach offers an efficient solution to the minimum fleet problem.
  • Real-time implementation of this method can significantly optimize urban mobility fleets.
  • The findings have implications for current taxi services and future autonomous vehicle fleets.