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Real and Artificial Differential Item Functioning in Polytomous Items.

David Andrich1, Curt Hagquist2

  • 1The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces artificial differential item functioning (DIF) for polytomous items, extending the Mantel-Haenszel method. A sequential resolution procedure helps distinguish real DIF from artificial DIF in item analysis.

Keywords:
artificial DIFdifferential item functioningpartial creditpolytomous Rasch modelrating scales

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Educational Measurement
  • Item Response Theory

Background:

  • Differential item functioning (DIF) is crucial for fair assessments, identifying items that function differently across groups.
  • The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method, commonly used for dichotomous items, can produce artificial DIF as an artifact of real DIF.
  • Andrich and Hagquist previously demonstrated this artificial DIF in dichotomous items and proposed a sequential resolution procedure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the concept of artificial DIF to polytomous items, which have multiple scoring categories.
  • To extend the sequential item resolution procedure for distinguishing real from artificial DIF to polytomous item contexts.
  • To provide a method for more accurate DIF detection in complex, polytomously scored assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the polytomous Rasch model to conceptualize and analyze artificial DIF in polytomous items.
  • Extended the sequential item resolution procedure, originally developed for dichotomous items, to the polytomous case.
  • Employed both a real-world dataset and a simulated dataset for illustrative purposes.

Main Results:

  • Artificial DIF, previously identified in dichotomous items, was successfully generalized to polytomous items.
  • The sequential item resolution principle was shown to be effective in distinguishing real DIF from artificial DIF in polytomous items.
  • Illustrative examples confirmed the applicability of the generalized concept and procedure.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of artificial DIF and the sequential resolution procedure are applicable and necessary for polytomous items.
  • Accurate DIF detection in polytomous assessments requires accounting for and resolving artificial DIF.
  • This work provides a refined approach to ensuring fairness and accuracy in the analysis of polytomously scored tests.