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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing
Published on: May 8, 2021
Fully electronic urine dipstick probe for combinatorial detection of inflammatory biomarkers
Vikramshankar Kamakoti1, David Kinnamon1, Kang Hyeok Choi1
1Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Aim:
An electrochemical urine dipstick probe biosensor has been demonstrated using molybdenum electrodes on nanoporous polyamide substrate for the quantitative detection of two inflammatory protein biomarkers, CRP and IL-6.
Materials & Methods:
The electrode interface was characterized using ζ-potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection of biomarkers was demonstrated by measuring impedance changes associated with the dose concentrations of the two biomarkers. A proof of feasibility of point-of-care implementation of the biosensor was demonstrated using a portable electronics platform.
Results & Conclusion:
Limit of detection of 1 pg/ml was achieved for CRP and IL-6 in human urine and synthetic urine buffers. The developed portable hardware demonstrated close correlation with benchtop equipment results.
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