Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A cone opsin double knockout mouse reveals long-term cone survival and provides a platform for gene therapy.

Research square·2026

Same author

Impact of Time of Day on Dry Eye Disease: Findings from a Large Dry Eye Clinic Cohort.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)·2026

Same author

RNA interference to reduce <i>Egr1</i> expression in rods delays retinal degeneration in a model of retinitis pigmentosa.

Molecular vision·2026

Same author

Corrigendum.

Ophthalmology·2026

Same author

Cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in the tear fluid of patients with atopic dermatitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis.

The ocular surface·2026

Same author

Associations between vision anomalies and sensorimotor processes in children aged 7-16 years.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2026

Same journal

New Guidelines for Ophthalmic Genetic Studies.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same journal

Genomic Copy Number Variants Associated With Strabismus and Amblyopia in the All of Us Research Program.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same journal

Xanthophyll Carotenoid Intake, Plasma Levels, and Retinal Visualization in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: ALSTAR2.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same journal

Enhanced Endocytosis and Mitochondrial Stress Underlie Severe Retinitis Pigmentosa With RHO P347L Mutant.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same journal

Dual-Hit Myopia Mechanism Unveiled by Multi-Omics: Opn1mw Deficiency Primed the Retina for Exaggerated Response to Environmental Defocus.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same journal

Psychometric Performance of Children With Amblyopia During a Tablet-Based Adaptive Visual Acuity Assessment.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

Color Vision in Aniridia.

Hilde R Pedersen¹, Lene A Hagen¹, Erlend C S Landsend²

¹National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Kongsberg, Norway.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

|May 26, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital aniridia often impairs red-green color vision due to foveal hypoplasia. Retinal structure, particularly foveal development, is linked to color vision deficits in aniridia patients.

More Related Videos

$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Published on: May 5, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Published on: May 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Genetics
Neuroscience

Background:

Congenital aniridia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence of the iris.
Color vision deficits are frequently observed in individuals with aniridia, but their underlying mechanisms and relationship with retinal structure are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate color vision capabilities in individuals with congenital aniridia.
To determine the association between color vision and retinal structural abnormalities, specifically foveal hypoplasia, in this population.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 36 individuals with congenital aniridia and 52 healthy controls underwent comprehensive color vision testing using Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) plates, Cambridge Color Test, and Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD-LV) test.
Cone-opsin gene analysis was performed to identify genetic contributions to color vision deficiencies. Retinal structure, including foveal hypoplasia (FH) severity, was assessed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Main Results:

After excluding participants with genetic deutan deficiency, 11 of 31 aniridia patients showed red-green (RG) errors, and one showed yellow-blue (YB) errors on HRR testing.
19 aniridia patients exhibited elevated RG thresholds on the CAD-LV test, with eight also showing elevated YB thresholds. Higher RG thresholds were correlated with more severe foveal hypoplasia (P = 0.038).

Conclusions:

Impaired red-green color vision in congenital aniridia is likely caused by arrested foveal formation and subsequent alterations in retinal processing.
The severity of foveal hypoplasia directly impacts RG color vision thresholds, suggesting a strong link between retinal structure and visual function in aniridia.