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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy
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Quantitative methods to measure aneuploidy and chromosomal instability.

Kristina M Godek1, Duane A Compton1

  • 1Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.

Methods in Cell Biology
|May 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Accurate chromosome segregation is vital for cell viability. This study details methods to measure chromosome missegregation rates and aneuploid cell survival, aiding research into diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
AneuploidyChromosomal instability (CIN)Chromosome missegregationFluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)Lagging chromosomes

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential for daughter cell viability.
  • Errors in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers) and whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN).
  • Aneuploidy and w-CIN are hallmarks of various human diseases, including cancers and birth defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for measuring chromosome missegregation rates.
  • To present techniques for assessing aneuploid cell survival.
  • To provide a comprehensive approach for determining aneuploidy and w-CIN frequencies.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on methods applicable to cultured cells.
  • Highlight techniques adaptable for primary tissue samples.
  • Encompass measurement of chromosome missegregation rates and aneuploid cell survival.

Main Results:

  • The chapter provides a detailed overview of methodologies for quantifying chromosome missegregation.
  • It outlines approaches to assess the survival rates of aneuploid cells.
  • The described methods offer a comprehensive toolkit for analyzing aneuploidy and w-CIN.

Conclusions:

  • The presented methods enable accurate measurement of aneuploidy and w-CIN.
  • These techniques are valuable for research in cell biology and disease pathology.
  • The comprehensive approach aids in understanding the role of chromosomal instability in human conditions.