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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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The goodness-of-fit test is a type of hypothesis test which determines whether the data "fits" a particular distribution. For example, one may suspect that some anonymous data may fit a binomial distribution. A chi-square test (meaning the distribution for the hypothesis test is chi-square) can be used to determine if there is a fit. The null and alternative hypotheses may be written in sentences or stated as equations or inequalities. The test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test is given as...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n)  to the number of categories (k).
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Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila
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Hypoparathyroidism Causing Seizures: When Epilepsy Does Not Fit.

Faheem Seedat1, Reyna Daya2, Sindeep A Bhana2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
  • Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder leading to low parathyroid hormone levels and subsequent hypocalcemia.
  • Brain calcinosis, the deposition of calcium in the brain, can be a complication of chronic hypocalcemia.

Observation:

  • A 24-year-old male presented with recurrent seizures, initially diagnosed as epilepsy.
  • Investigations revealed hypocalcemia, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.
  • Brain imaging showed calcinosis, consistent with chronic hypocalcemia.

Findings:

  • The patient's seizures were secondary to hypocalcemia caused by idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.
  • Calcium and vitamin D replacement effectively resolved the seizures, allowing discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs.
  • This case demonstrates brain calcinosis as a manifestation of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering treatable metabolic causes of seizures, such as hypocalcemia.
  • Emphasizes the need for thorough biochemical evaluation in patients with new-onset or refractory seizures.
  • Suggests that early diagnosis and management of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism can prevent neurological complications like seizures and calcinosis.