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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Longitudinal Trajectories of Gestational Thyroid Function: A New Approach to Better Understand Changes in Thyroid

Victor Pop1, Maarten Broeren2, Hennie Wijnen1

  • 1Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Tilburg University, LE Tilburg, Netherlands.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
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Summary

Latent class growth analysis identified three distinct thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) trajectories during pregnancy. These patterns, observed in 7.4% of women, correlated with parity and thyroid peroxidase antibodies, suggesting immune tolerance differences.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Most pregnancy thyroid studies use cross-sectional designs, limiting understanding of longitudinal changes.
  • Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) offers a novel approach to study dynamic thyroid function during gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) during pregnancy using LCGA.
  • To identify distinct trajectories of thyroid function and their associations with clinical factors.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study with repeated assessments in 1100 healthy women starting at 12 weeks' gestation.
  • Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was employed to determine TSH and fT4 trajectories throughout pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • LCGA identified three TSH trajectory classes: low increasing (92.4%), high increasing (2.8%), and decreasing (4.6%).
  • The decreasing TSH group showed higher rates of subclinical hypothyroidism, elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), and parental thyroid history.
  • The high increasing TSH group had a higher proportion of nulliparous women.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct longitudinal TSH trajectories were identified in 7.4% of pregnant women.
  • These trajectories are associated with parity and TPO-Ab status, potentially reflecting variations in pregnancy-specific immune tolerance.