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A theta rhythm in macaque visual cortex and its attentional modulation.

Georgios Spyropoulos1, Conrado Arturo Bosman2,3, Pascal Fries4,2

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals a theta rhythm in visual processing areas that synchronizes brain regions and modulates gamma activity. Attention significantly reduces this theta rhythm, suggesting a role in prioritizing visual information.

Keywords:
attentiongammaphase-amplitude couplingthetavisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Cortex Research
  • Brain Oscillations

Background:

  • Theta rhythms (≈4 Hz) are known to influence motor control and language processing.
  • Psychophysical studies suggest theta's involvement in human visual attention.
  • However, the role and attentional modulation of theta in visual cortical areas remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of theta rhythms in primate visual cortical areas (V1, V2, V4, TEO).
  • To examine the attentional modulation of these theta rhythms.
  • To explore the relationship between theta rhythms, gamma activity, and microsaccades during visual attention.

Main Methods:

  • Electrocorticography (ECoG) was used to record local field potentials (LFPs) from V1, V2, V4, and TEO in macaques.
  • Monkeys performed a selective visual attention task.
  • Analysis focused on theta and gamma oscillations, inter-regional synchronization, and microsaccade locking.

Main Results:

  • A distinct ≈4-Hz theta rhythm was identified in both V1-V2 and V4-TEO regions, with feedforward synchronization between them.
  • Theta rhythms spatially corresponded with gamma activity, and gamma power was modulated by theta phase.
  • Selective attention significantly reduced theta-rhythmic activity, particularly in V1, independent of microsaccades.
  • Theta rhythms were more pronounced in the absence of microsaccades.

Conclusions:

  • A theta rhythm specific to visual areas (V1-V2) modulates local gamma and influences higher visual areas (V4-TEO).
  • Attention suppresses this theta rhythm, potentially enabling more continuous processing of attended stimuli.
  • Intermittent, theta-rhythmic processing of unattended stimuli may facilitate exploration of less relevant information.