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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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Coordinates and Map Projections01:29

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Coordinates and map projections are essential tools in accurately representing the Earth's surface for various applications, ranging from navigation to spatial analysis. The latitude and longitude coordinate system is a universally recognized framework for defining locations. Latitude specifies the distance of a point north or south of the equator, measured in degrees from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. Longitude indicates a location's position east or west of the prime meridian,...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

The Automated Crystallography Pipelines at the EMBL HTX Facility in Grenoble
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Automated processing pipeline for neonatal diffusion MRI in the developing Human Connectome Project.

Matteo Bastiani1, Jesper L R Andersson1, Lucilio Cordero-Grande2

  • 1Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, UK.

Neuroimage
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The developing Human Connectome Project maps brain connectivity in newborns using advanced MRI. This research explores genetic and environmental factors influencing brain development and function in infants.

Keywords:
BrainConnectomeDiffusion MRINewbornQuality controlTractography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The developing Human Connectome Project aims to map brain connectivity in newborns.
  • Understanding brain development requires advanced imaging techniques for infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel diffusion MRI (dMRI) image processing pipeline for neonatal data.
  • To analyze structural brain connectivity in infants aged 38-44 weeks post-menstrual age.
  • To explore genetic and environmental influences on brain development and neurocognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of multi-modal MRI data from fetuses and newborn infants.
  • Development of a specialized dMRI processing pipeline addressing neonatal-specific challenges like motion artifacts and small brain size.
  • Automated analysis of in-vivo dMRI data to probe tissue microstructure and reconstruct white matter tracts.
  • Implementation of an automated quality control framework for processing consistency.

Main Results:

  • The developed pipeline successfully processes neonatal dMRI data, overcoming challenges specific to this age group.
  • The pipeline enables automated analysis of in-vivo dMRI, microstructure probing, and white matter tract reconstruction.
  • An exemplar analysis of 140 infants demonstrates the pipeline's capability in assessing structural connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • The specialized dMRI processing pipeline is effective for analyzing neonatal brain connectivity.
  • This pipeline facilitates the creation of a 4D map of cerebral connectivity, aiding research into brain development.
  • The project provides valuable data for exploring the relationship between connectivity, neurodevelopment, and neurocognitive function.