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Related Concept Videos

Trophic Levels01:35

Trophic Levels

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All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from either solar or chemical energy. Each subsequent level obtains energy from the levels below. Detritivores can occupy any of the levels above primary producers.
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Trophic Efficiency00:46

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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Disease States and Pharmacology01:25

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Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey
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Disease Modification Through Trophic Factor Delivery.

Mari Savolainen1, Dwaine Emerich2, Jeffrey H Kordower3,4

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Huntington's disease (HD) involves neuron loss, potentially due to reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Gene therapy using ex vivo or in vivo methods offers potential neuroprotection for HD patients.

Keywords:
Adeno-associated viral vector, AAVCiliary neurotrophic factor, CDNFEncapsulated cellsGene therapyGlial-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNFNeurotrophic factorsNeurturin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Huntington's disease (HD) is marked by striatal and cortical neuron loss.
  • Mutant huntingtin may cause pathogenesis by downregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
  • Neurotrophic factors like BDNF are crucial for neuronal survival and have shown neuroprotective effects in neurodegeneration models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore potential neuroprotective gene therapy strategies for Huntington's disease.
  • To discuss methods for enhancing neurotrophic factor delivery to target brain regions.

Main Methods:

  • Ex vivo gene therapy: Encapsulated cells engineered to express neurotrophic factors are implanted.
  • In vivo gene therapy: Viral vectors are used to deliver genes of interest to specific brain areas.

Main Results:

  • Both ex vivo and in vivo approaches show potential for long-term neurotrophic factor delivery.
  • These methods aim to protect neuronal populations affected by Huntington's disease.

Conclusions:

  • Gene therapy offers promising avenues for delivering neurotrophic factors to combat Huntington's disease.
  • Ex vivo and in vivo strategies represent viable options for neuroprotection in HD.