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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent dipole. For example, the water molecule is a dipole, making it a good solvent.
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Work on a quantum dipole by a single-photon pulse.

D Valente, F Brito, R Ferreira

    Optics Letters
    |June 2, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A single photon can transfer energy to a two-level dipole via a dynamic Stark shift, a process distinct from absorption and emission. This quantum work transfer requires specific pulse conditions, offering new insights into quantum thermodynamics.

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Optics
    • Quantum Thermodynamics
    • Solid-State Physics

    Background:

    • Conventional understanding of light-matter interaction involves photon absorption and emission.
    • The role of quantized fields in energy transfer to quantum systems requires further exploration.
    • Quantum thermodynamics provides a framework to analyze energy exchange at the quantum level.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate energy transfer mechanisms from a quantized field to a quantized dipole.
    • To explore novel energy transfer processes beyond standard absorption and emission.
    • To characterize these processes using quantum thermodynamics, identifying them as generalized work and heat.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical investigation of energy transfer between a single photon and a two-level dipole.

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  • Application of quantum thermodynamical principles to analyze energy exchange.
  • Analysis of conditions necessary for generalized work transfer, including pulse properties.

    • Main Results:

    • A single photon can induce energy transfer via a dynamic Stark shift, a process termed generalized work.
    • Two necessary conditions for this generalized work transfer were identified: off-resonance and finite pulse linewidth.
    • The generalized work performed by a single-photon pulse matches the reactive work of a semiclassical pulse in the low-excitation limit.

    Conclusions:

    • Introduces a new paradigm of energy transfer mediated by single photons through dynamic Stark shifts.
    • Establishes a quantum thermodynamical interpretation of energy transfer, distinguishing generalized work from generalized heat.
    • Provides crucial insights into the conditions governing quantum work extraction from light fields.