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    Advanced satellite frequency transfers using two-way carrier-phase (TWCP) achieved high accuracy between national institutes. Overseas optical clock comparisons demonstrated mid-10^-16 uncertainty, confirming precise frequency ratio measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Metrology and Timekeeping
    • Satellite Geodesy
    • Quantum Clock Technology

    Background:

    • Accurate frequency transfer is crucial for scientific advancements and global timekeeping standards.
    • Satellite-based techniques offer potential for high-precision, long-distance frequency comparisons.
    • Optical lattice clocks using Strontium (Sr) and Ytterbium (Yb) represent the forefront of timekeeping technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform advanced satellite-based frequency transfers between national metrology institutes.
    • To measure the frequency ratio of overseas Sr and Yb optical lattice clocks using satellite techniques.
    • To validate the accuracy and uncertainty of these advanced frequency transfer methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized two-way carrier-phase (TWCP) satellite time and frequency transfer.
    • Employed integer precise point positioning (IPPP) for advanced data processing.
    • Conducted direct frequency ratio measurements between Sr and Yb optical lattice clocks located internationally.

    Main Results:

    • Confirmed frequency transfer disagreement below [value] at averaging times of several days between NICT and KRISS.
    • Achieved a mid-10^-16 level of uncertainty for the overseas optical clock frequency ratio measurement.
    • The measured frequency ratio was consistent with previously reported values within the experimental uncertainty.

    Conclusions:

    • Satellite-based TWCP and IPPP are highly accurate methods for frequency transfer between national metrology institutes.
    • Direct international frequency comparisons of optical lattice clocks are feasible with high precision using satellite techniques.
    • The study validates the performance of advanced optical clocks and satellite metrology.