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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Resorbable Material for Pediatric Orbital Floor Reconstruction.

Jayson Azzi¹, Alain Joe Azzi², Sabrina Cugno²

¹Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|June 5, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Resorbable materials offer a safe option for pediatric orbital floor reconstruction, showing low enophthalmos and no infection rates. They present a comparable complication profile to autologous grafts.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Plastic Surgery
Biomaterials Science

Background:

Pediatric orbital floor reconstruction increasingly utilizes resorbable materials.
Evaluating the effectiveness and safety of these materials is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and compare the effectiveness and safety of resorbable materials versus autologous grafts and nonresorbable materials for pediatric orbital floor reconstruction.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed up to July 2017.
Included 14 studies with 248 pediatric patients.
Primary endpoints: enophthalmos, diplopia, and infection.

Main Results:

Resorbable materials showed the lowest enophthalmos (5.8%) but highest diplopia (26.4%).
Nonresorbable materials had the lowest diplopia (4.1%) and highest enophthalmos (13.7%).
No infections reported with resorbable or autologous materials; 8.8% with nonresorbable.

Conclusions:

Resorbable implants demonstrate safety in pediatric orbital floor reconstruction.
Complication profiles are similar to traditional autologous grafts.