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Progress in modelling agricultural impacts of and adaptations to climate change
R P Rötter1, M P Hoffmann2, M Koch2
1University of Göttingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; University of Göttingen, Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Abstract:
Modelling is a key tool to explore agricultural impacts of and adaptations to climate change. Here we report recent progress made especially referring to the large project initiatives MACSUR and AgMIP; in particular, in modelling potential crop impacts from field to global using multi-model ensembles. We identify two main fields where further progress is necessary: a more mechanistic understanding of climate impacts and management options for adaptation and mitigation; and focusing on cropping systems and integrative multi-scale assessments instead of single season and crops, especially in complex tropical and neglected but important cropping systems. Stronger linking of experimentation with statistical and eco-physiological crop modelling could facilitate the necessary methodological advances.
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Work Done During Volume Change
Consider a gas confined to a cylinder fitted with a movable piston at one end. If the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, it exerts a force on the piston, such that the piston moves by a distance dr.
The work done by the gas on the piston can be expressed as

