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Related Concept Videos

Quantitative Analysis01:12

Quantitative Analysis

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Quantitative analysis is a technique for measuring the amount of specific constituents in a sample. When the sample's composition is unknown, qualitative analysis is performed first to identify its components, which ensures that the correct substances are measured during the quantitative phase.
In quantitative analysis, two key measurements are made: the sample quantity and a property proportional to the amount of the analyte (the substance being analyzed). This forms the basis of the...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
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Quantitative analysis of DNA with single-molecule sequencing.

Takahito Ohshiro1, Makusu Tsutsui1, Kazumichi Yokota1

  • 1The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.

Scientific Reports
|June 6, 2018
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This study introduces a new method to detect cancer by analyzing DNA and microRNA sequences. It enables precise quantification of subtle genetic variations crucial for early cancer diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer diagnosis relies on identifying specific DNA and microRNA sequences.
  • Current DNA sequencing lacks the precision for quantitative analysis of subtle sequence variations.
  • The let-7 microRNA is a known 22-base cancer marker with potential diagnostic value.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for precise DNA and microRNA sequence analysis.
  • To enable quantitative determination of abundance ratios for slightly deviant DNA sequences.
  • To advance early cancer detection through improved molecular diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Determining entire base sequences of DNA related to the let-7 microRNA.
  • Recording single-molecule conductances of DNA base molecules using current-tunneling measurements.
  • Counting molecules in solution to establish abundance ratios of single-base-pair DNA variants.

Main Results:

  • Successfully determined the complete base sequences of four DNA types corresponding to let-7 microRNA.
  • Recorded single-molecule conductance data for individual DNA base molecules.
  • Quantified abundance ratios of DNA strands differing by a single base sequence.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method allows for precise sequencing and quantitative analysis of DNA and microRNA.
  • This technique overcomes limitations of current DNA sequencers for detecting subtle genetic differences.
  • The findings pave the way for improved diagnostic tools for cancer detection.