Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Studying the Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis
Published on: June 26, 2016
Role of DCE-MR in predicting breast cancer subtypes
Marco Macchini1, Martina Ponziani2, Andrea Prochowski Iamurri3
1Sc. Spec. Radiologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. marcomacchini@me.com.
Objective:
The purpose of this retrospective study is to find a correlation between dynamic contrast-enhanced MR features with histological, immunohistochemical and loco-regional characteristics of breast cancer.
Materials And Methods:
A total of 149 patients with histopathologically confirmed invasive breast carcinoma underwent MR imaging. Histological analysis included: histological features (histological type, necrosis, vascular invasion and Mib-1), immunohistochemical characterization (immunophenotype, receptor status, HER2-neu and grading) and loco-regional characteristics (T and N). The kinetic MR features analyzed were: curve type, maximum enhancement, time to peak, wash-in and wash-out rate, brevity of enhancement and area under curve.
Results:
MRI kinetic parameters and immunohistological features were compared using chi square test, two-tailed student t test and Anova test, with p = 0.05 level of significance. Vascular invasion was shown to be significantly related to time to peak (p = 0.02). The immunohistotype was shown to be significantly related with maximum enhancement (p = 0.05), time to peak (p = 0.04) and wash-in rate (p = 0.01). ER status correlates with maximum and relative enhancement (p = 0.004 and p = 0.028), wash-in rate (p = 0.0018) and area under curve (p = 0.006). PR status was significantly related to time to peak (p = 0.048) and wash-in rate (p = 0.05).
Conclusion:
Maximum enhancement absolute and relative, time to peak, wash-in rate and area under the curve significantly correlate with several prognostic factors, like ER status, immune profile and tumoral vascular invasion, and may predict the aggressiveness of the tumor.
Related Concept Videos
Predicting Molecular Geometry
Prediction Intervals
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value
Sensitivity is the...

