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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
Published on: March 27, 2012
Investigation of whole blood and urine monoamines in autism
Josiane Hérault1, Joëlle Martineau2, Anne Perrot-Beaugerie2
1Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, CHRU Bretonneau, INSERM U 316, F-37044, Tours Cedex, France.
Abstract:
Levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were determined in the whole blood and urine of 23 children with autism and compared to those of normal children. Very significant group effects (low whole blood 5-HT, high urinary 5-HT and high NE+E in autism) and age effects (urinary 5-HT and DA decrease with age) were found. Moreover, the urinary DA and the whole blood E levels were correlated with clinical findings. The results suggest a maturation defect of noradrenergic systems, possibly disturbed dopaminergic and serotoninergic metabolism, and a functional imbalance among these neurotransmitters in autism.
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