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Updated: Feb 9, 2026
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Microbiome in normal and pathological pregnancies: A literature overview
Carla R Taddei1, Ramon V Cortez1, Rosiane Mattar2
1Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Summary
Pregnancy alters the vaginal and gut microbiome, impacting health. New research suggests the placenta harbors microbes, influencing pregnancy outcomes and conditions like gestational diabetes.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive biology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
Background:
- Pregnancy involves significant physiological changes, including shifts in the maternal microbiome.
- The roles of the vaginal and gut microbiomes in pregnancy health and disease are not fully understood.
- Emerging evidence challenges the concept of a sterile placenta.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent findings on pregnancy-associated microbiome alterations.
- To explore associations between the microbiome and metabolic, hormonal, and immunological factors.
- To discuss the influence of microbial profiles on pregnancy outcomes and conditions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent studies on maternal microbiome composition.
- Analysis of data on microbial richness and diversity in pregnant women.
- Discussion of factors influencing the maternal microbiome.
Main Results:
- Pregnancy significantly alters vaginal and gut microbial communities.
- The placenta may possess its own microbial community, contrary to prior beliefs.
- Microbiome diversity changes are observed in term/preterm births, obesity, and gestational diabetes.
Conclusions:
- Maternal microbiome composition is dynamic and linked to pregnancy health.
- Understanding the placental microbiome is crucial for a complete picture of pregnancy.
- Advanced molecular techniques are key to unraveling the microbiome's role in pregnancy.
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