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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Transport-of-intensity computational ghost imaging.

Koshi Komuro, Yuya Yamazaki, Takanori Nomura

    Applied Optics
    |June 8, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Computational ghost imaging (CGI) can image low signal-to-noise data but lacks phase information. A new method using the transport-of-intensity equation retrieves phase, enabling transparent object imaging without complex setups.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Imaging
    • Phase Retrieval

    Background:

    • Computational ghost imaging (CGI) excels at imaging under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.
    • Standard CGI cannot retrieve phase information, limiting its use for transparent objects like living cells.
    • Existing interferometric methods for phase retrieval in CGI are optically cumbersome.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel, simplified method for phase retrieval in computational ghost imaging.
    • To enable the imaging of transparent objects using CGI by recovering phase information.
    • To offer a robust alternative to conventional interferometric phase retrieval techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • The study proposes an alternative phase retrieval approach based on the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE).

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  • This method requires only a slight modification to the standard CGI optical setup, avoiding additional optical elements.
  • Numerical simulations and optical experiments were conducted under low SNR conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed TIE-based method successfully retrieves phase information in CGI.
    • The simplified optical setup proved to be robust and effective.
    • Experiments confirmed the method's viability for low SNR imaging scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • The transport-of-intensity equation offers an effective and robust solution for phase retrieval in computational ghost imaging.
    • This approach simplifies the optical setup compared to traditional interferometric methods.
    • The technique facilitates the imaging of transparent objects, expanding CGI applications.