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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Mean From a Frequency Distribution01:11

Mean From a Frequency Distribution

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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
When such a data set is encountered,...
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Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

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Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
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Frequency Response of BJT01:24

Frequency Response of BJT

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The frequency response of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in a common-emitter configuration is critical to its functionality, especially in applications involving amplification of alternating current (AC) signals. This response can be analyzed through low-frequency and high-frequency equivalent circuits, considering various internal parameters and external conditions.
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Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Multi-frequency metasurface carpet cloaks.

Chan Wang, Yihao Yang, Qianghu Liu

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    This study introduces a multi-resonance metasurface carpet cloak capable of dual-frequency operation. This breakthrough overcomes single-frequency limitations for ultrathin, arbitrary-shaped cloaking devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics
    • Materials Science
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces enable ultrathin, arbitrary-shaped carpet cloaks.
    • Existing metasurface cloaks are limited to single-frequency operation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and design a macroscopic metasurface carpet cloak operating at multiple frequencies simultaneously.
    • To overcome the narrow bandwidth limitations of previous cloaking devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Designing a multi-layered metasurface with a specific spatial distribution of conductance and inductance.
    • Utilizing a multi-resonance principle to control reflection phases at independent frequencies.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a metasurface carpet cloak with dual-frequency cloaking capabilities.
    • The proposed cloak exhibits control over reflection phases at several frequencies simultaneously.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed metasurface carpet cloak offers simultaneous multi-frequency operation.
    • This design methodology is valuable for future broadband, low-profile, and lightweight macroscopic cloaks.