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Atomic Structure01:33

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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one...
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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Step edge structures on the anatase TiO2 (001) surface studied by atomic-resolution TEM and STM.

M Ek1, I Beinik, A Bruix

  • 1Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. sth@topsoe.com.

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|June 8, 2018
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Summary

Understanding atomic arrangements at step edges is key to explaining unique chemical reactivity. This study reveals prevalent step edge structures on anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) using advanced microscopy techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Low-coordinate surface sites, like step edges, display distinct chemical reactivity compared to close-packed facets.
  • Understanding the atomic structure of these sites is crucial for predicting and controlling surface reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the three-dimensional atomic arrangement of prevalent step edges on the anatase TiO2 (001) surface.
  • To correlate surface structure with site-specific chemical reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to analyze nanoparticle structures.
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was employed to investigate the single crystal anatase TiO2 (001) surface.

Main Results:

  • The study successfully uncovered the atomic structure of common step edges on anatase TiO2 (001).
  • Distinct atomic configurations at step edges were identified, differing from bulk facets.

Conclusions:

  • The detailed structural information provides a basis for understanding the unique reactivity of TiO2 step edges.
  • This research contributes to the rational design of catalysts and materials with tailored surface properties.