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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.1K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.1K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.9K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.9K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.1K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.1K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.8K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.8K
6.8K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.0K

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Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
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Translational strategy: humanized mini-organs.

Duong T Nguyen1, Magnus Althage1, Maria Chiara Magnone1

  • 1Translational Sciences Department, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Drug Discovery Today
|June 9, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mini-organs created from decellularized organs and human stem cells offer advanced preclinical models for target validation and biomarker discovery. These humanized mini-organs bridge the gap between different research systems for better drug development.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Preclinical Research

Background:

  • Decellularized organs provide a scaffold for tissue engineering.
  • Human stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells, are key for cellular repopulation.
  • Current preclinical models face limitations in accurately predicting human responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce humanized mini-organs as advanced preclinical models.
  • To enhance target validation and biomarker discovery.
  • To improve the translation of research findings from in vitro to in vivo studies.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering mini-organs from decellularized organs.
  • Repopulating these scaffolds with human stem cells.
  • Developing co-cultured mini-organ models for physiological simulation.

Main Results:

  • Recellularized organs preserve native architecture and vascular structures.
  • Mini-organ models facilitate understanding of developmental biology.
  • Co-cultured models can simulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Humanized mini-organs represent a significant advancement in biotechnology.
  • These models address translational gaps in drug development.
  • They offer an elevated platform for human target validation.