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Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Limiting Reactant02:27

Limiting Reactant

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The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
04:58

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Published on: September 19, 2015

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Low-template methods yield limited extra information for PowerPlex® Fusion 6C profiling.

Francisca Duijs1, Linda van de Merwe1, Titia Sijen1

  • 1Netherlands Forensic Institute, Division of Biological Traces, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497GB The Hague, The Netherlands.

Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
|June 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enhancing DNA profiling with low-template methods on the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system yielded minimal extra allelic information. These methods increased background noise and were less effective than on older short tandem repeat (STR) systems.

Keywords:
Capillary electrophoresisIncreased cyclingLow-template DNAPowerPlex Fusion 6C

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autosomal DNA profiling systems analyze short tandem repeat (STR) loci for forensic identification.
  • Increasing the number of STR loci analyzed enhances the information obtained from forensic samples.
  • Low-template DNA methods aim to maximize information recovery from limited biological evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of low-template DNA methods for the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C STR typing system.
  • To determine if increasing PCR cycles or capillary electrophoresis (CE) injection settings yields additional allelic information.
  • To compare the performance of low-template methods on the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system versus the AmpFLSTR® NGM™ system.

Main Methods:

  • The PowerPlex® Fusion 6C STR typing system was tested using modified low-template conditions.
  • PCR cycling parameters were increased to assess their impact on DNA amplification.
  • Capillary electrophoresis (CE) injection times and voltages were enhanced to improve DNA detection.
  • Results were compared to standard settings and to data from the AmpFLSTR® NGM™ system.

Main Results:

  • Applying low-template methods to the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system provided limited additional allelic information.
  • Increased PCR cycles and enhanced CE injection settings resulted in more background noise.
  • The gain in detected alleles was significantly smaller compared to applying low-template methods to the 15-loci AmpFLSTR® NGM™ system.
  • The PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system demonstrated robustness under standard conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Low-template methods offer marginal benefits for the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C STR typing system.
  • The increased background noise associated with low-template methods outweighs the limited gains in allelic information.
  • Standard settings are recommended for routine forensic casework with the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system.
  • The PowerPlex® Fusion 6C system is effective for forensic DNA profiling without specialized low-template protocols.