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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
65.6K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.3K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
6.3K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

15.5K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
15.5K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

6.5K
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes
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Exosome isolation from distinct biofluids using precipitation and column-based approaches.

Tânia Soares Martins1, José Catita2,3, Ilka Martins Rosa1

  • 1Neuroscience and Signalling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

Plos One
|June 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers compared exosome isolation methods for diagnostics. Precipitation and column-based kits efficiently isolate exosomes from small biofluid volumes, with one kit showing superior yield and purity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Extracellular Vesicles

Background:

  • Exosomes hold significant potential as biomarkers for diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
  • Current exosome isolation methods lack consensus, with differential centrifugation being common but inefficient.
  • There is a critical need for faster, high-yield exosome isolation techniques using smaller sample volumes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of precipitation-based and column-based exosome isolation kits.
  • To evaluate exosome yield, purity, and quality from various biofluids (serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid).
  • To identify alternative methods to differential centrifugation for clinical and translational research.

Main Methods:

  • Tested two precipitation-based and one column-based commercial kits for exosome isolation.
  • Characterized isolated exosomes using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Electrophoretic Light Scattering, and Transmission Electron Microscopy.
  • Assessed exosome purity and concentration via EXOCET assay, protein quantification, and western blotting.

Main Results:

  • All tested commercial kits successfully isolated exosomes from serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • The ExoS kit demonstrated superior performance regarding exosome yield and purity compared to other methods.
  • Alternative isolation methods proved effective for small biofluid volumes, overcoming limitations of differential centrifugation.

Conclusions:

  • Precipitation and column-based methods offer efficient alternatives to differential centrifugation for exosome isolation.
  • The ExoS kit provides optimal yield and purity, supporting its use in clinical research.
  • Efficient isolation from small sample volumes is crucial for advancing translational and clinical applications of exosome-based diagnostics.