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The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

32.7K
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
32.7K
Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

53.3K
Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
53.3K
Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

102.9K
Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
102.9K
Uncertainty: Overview00:59

Uncertainty: Overview

1.7K
In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
1.7K
Glassware Calibration01:11

Glassware Calibration

1.5K
Accurate calibration of glassware, such as volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes, is essential to ensure accurate measurements in the analytical laboratory. Calibration helps maintain consistency across measurements and prevents errors arising from inaccurate volumes.
Volumetric flasks: Volumetric flasks are designed to prepare aqueous solutions of precise volumes accurately with a calibration line on the neck. To calibrate a volumetric flask, it is important to fill it with distilled...
1.5K
Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures03:34

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

83.5K
All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers
08:48

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Published on: April 20, 2016

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Experimental Demonstration of Low-Uncertainty Calibration Methods for Bragg Grating Interrogators.

José Luis de Miguel1, Juan Galindo-Santos2, Concepción Pulido de Torres3

  • 1Instituto de Óptica, CSIC, C/Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain. jl.demiguel@csic.es.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

We present two novel methods for precise calibration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators. These techniques achieve low uncertainties, improving FBG sensor accuracy for various applications.

Keywords:
absolute calibrationfiber Bragg gratings interrogatorsfiber-optic sensors

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A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings
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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metrology
  • Fiber Optic Sensing

Background:

  • Accurate calibration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators is crucial for reliable sensor data.
  • Existing calibration methods may have limitations in precision or applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate two alternative high-precision calibration methods for FBG interrogators.
  • To compare the uncertainties and requirements of the proposed methods.

Main Methods:

  • Method 1: Direct comparison with a calibrated wavemeter using a simulated FBG.
  • Method 2: Measuring reference absorption lines from calibrated gas cells.

Main Results:

  • Both methods successfully calibrated commercial FBG interrogators.
  • Method 1 uncertainty is limited by tunable filter characteristics.
  • Method 2 achieved lower uncertainties, limited by interrogator resolution and gas cell data.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed methods offer viable alternatives for high-precision FBG interrogator calibration.
  • Method 2 provides superior accuracy but requires more advanced interrogator software.
  • Achieved uncertainties as low as 0.63 pm at 1550 nm demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques.