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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Energy Diagrams - II01:10

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Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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A Basic Phase Diagram of Neuronal Dynamics.

Wenyuan Li1, Igor V Ovchinnikov2, Honglin Chen3

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A. liwenyuan.zju@gmail.com.

Neural Computation
|June 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used neuromorphic hardware to study brain dynamics, discovering a noise-induced chaotic phase (N-phase) crucial for healthy brain function. This phase, characterized by neuronal avalanches, could aid in diagnosing and treating mental diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Neuromorphic Engineering

Background:

  • The brain's complexity has long fascinated researchers.
  • Neuromorphic hardware offers a novel platform for studying neuronal dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neuronal dynamics using a flexible neuromorphic chip.
  • To explore the impact of a weak noise environment on neuronal networks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a neuromorphic chip with configurable leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron models.
  • Introduced a weak noise environment to observe collective neuronal activities.
  • Constructed a phase diagram of neuronal dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct phases of collective neuronal activity with sharp phase transitions.
  • Discovered a noise-induced chaotic phase (N-phase) characterized by neuronal avalanches.
  • Observed that the N-phase emerges with noise, and its size correlates with noise intensity.

Conclusions:

  • Healthy brain function appears to reside within the N-phase.
  • The brain phase diagram may offer new avenues for mental disease diagnosis and treatment.
  • Neuromorphic chips can advance neuroscience research and understanding of brain function.