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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Detection of DNA Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications
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Functional Regulation of PPARs through Post-Translational Modifications.

Reinhard Brunmeir1, Feng Xu2,3

  • 1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore. Reinhard.Brunmeir@gmail.com.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), key players in metabolic homeostasis. This review details PTMs on PPAR isoforms, their enzymes, and roles in metabolic health and disease.

Keywords:
PPARαPPARβ/δPPARγnuclear receptorspost-translational modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors crucial for cell differentiation, development, and energy metabolism.
  • PPARs sense cellular metabolic state and maintain metabolic homeostasis, making them key drug targets for metabolic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the three PPAR isoforms (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, PPARγ).
  • To summarize the enzymes responsible for PPAR PTMs.
  • To discuss the functional impact of PTMs on metabolic homeostasis and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PTMs on PPAR isoforms.
  • Analysis of PTMs including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation.
  • Examination of the functional consequences of PTMs on protein stability, transactivation, and co-factor interactions.

Main Results:

  • Various PTMs occur at numerous sites on PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ.
  • PTMs significantly influence PPAR protein stability, transactivation function, and co-factor binding.
  • Specific PTMs are linked to the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases.

Conclusions:

  • PTMs are critical regulators of PPAR function and metabolic homeostasis.
  • Understanding PPAR PTMs offers potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.
  • Further research into PPAR PTMs is warranted for novel insights into metabolic regulation.