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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Related Experiment Video

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Porcine Model of Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties.

Davide Carino1, Timur P Sarac2, Bulat A Ziganshin1,3

  • 1Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

The International Journal of Angiology : Official Publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc
|June 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious condition where the aorta widens. This review examines AAA incidence, causes, screening effectiveness, and surgical treatment options to guide clinical decisions.

Keywords:
AAAabdominal aortic aneurysmanimal modelsendovascular aortic repairindication for AAA surgeryrisk factorsrupture AAA

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Epidemiology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta exceeding 3 cm, typically infrarenal.
  • AAAs are often asymptomatic until rupture, with diameter being the strongest rupture predictor.
  • Surgical intervention is recommended when rupture risk outweighs surgical risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) from epidemiological, etiological, and pathophysiological perspectives.
  • To explore controversies in AAA management, including screening effectiveness and surgical indications.
  • To address specific questions regarding AAA incidence, causes, animal models, pathophysiology, and repair strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing data on abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs).
  • Addressing eight specific questions related to AAA epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, screening, and surgical management.
  • Synthesizing current evidence on open versus endovascular repair for both elective and emergency AAA cases.

Main Results:

  • The review analyzes the increasing incidence of AAA and the effectiveness of ultrasound screening programs.
  • It explores the genetic and environmental factors contributing to AAA, alongside relevant animal models and underlying pathophysiology.
  • Surgical indications, including potential over-eagerness, and comparisons between open and endovascular repair for elective and emergency AAA are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), covering their epidemiology, causes, and pathophysiology.
  • It critically evaluates screening effectiveness and surgical controversies, offering insights into optimal management strategies.
  • The findings aim to inform clinical practice regarding AAA diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment selection.