Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

53.7K
Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
53.7K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

11.9K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
11.9K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

4.2K
4.2K
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

3.6K
Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
3.6K
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

16.8K
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
16.8K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

18.6K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
18.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural and functional insights into the Rcs phosphorelay.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Gut microbial interaction networks control autoimmunity to neuroretina.

Research square·2026
Same author

Mike Cashel: magic spot magician.

Journal of bacteriology·2026
Same author

Gut microbial interaction networks control autoimmunity to neuroretina.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

RNA-RNA interactome approaches provide in vivo evidence for a critical role of the Hfq rim face in sRNA-mRNA pairing.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same authorSame journal

Introduction.

Annual review of microbiology·2025
Same journal

Circadian Control of Host-Microbiome Symbioses.

Annual review of microbiology·2026
Same journal

Host-Pathogen Interactions in Malaria: Invasion, Neutralization, and Evasion.

Annual review of microbiology·2026
Same journal

From an Interest in Molecules to a Fascination with Microbes.

Annual review of microbiology·2026
Same journal

Bacterial Physiology in the Context of Algal Partners.

Annual review of microbiology·2026
Same journal

Decoding Microbial Community Assembly: Insights on Vectors of Infectious Diseases.

Annual review of microbiology·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
09:14

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Published on: February 16, 2018

12.7K

The Complex Rcs Regulatory Cascade.

Erin Wall1, Nadim Majdalani1, Susan Gottesman1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; emails: erin.wall@nih.gov , majdalan@mail.nih.gov , gottesms@mail.nih.gov.

Annual Review of Microbiology
|June 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Rcs phosphorelay regulates essential Escherichia coli functions like capsule synthesis and motility. This study details how cell surface stress triggers RcsB phosphorylation, impacting gene expression and bacterial behavior.

Keywords:
BglJGadEcolanic acidmotilitytwo-component system

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.4K
Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

24.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
09:14

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Published on: February 16, 2018

12.7K
Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.4K
Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

24.9K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bacterial Genetics

Background:

  • The Rcs phosphorelay is a complex regulatory network in Escherichia coli.
  • RcsB, a key response regulator, integrates various signals to control gene expression.
  • Understanding this pathway is crucial for bacterial adaptation, biofilm formation, and virulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory inputs and outputs of the Rcs phosphorelay.
  • To detail the mechanism of RcsB activation by cell surface stress.
  • To highlight the role of RcsB in regulating essential bacterial processes.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the interaction between outer membrane protein RcsF and inner membrane protein IgaA.
  • Traced the phosphorelay pathway involving histidine kinase RcsC and phosphotransfer protein RcsD.
  • Analyzed the downstream effects of RcsB phosphorylation on gene expression, including capsule synthesis, sRNA RprA, and motility.

Main Results:

  • RcsF senses cell surface stress, relieving negative regulation on the Rcs phosphorelay.
  • Phosphorylation of RcsB occurs via the RcsC-RcsD phosphotransfer system.
  • Phosphorylated RcsB, often with RcsA, positively regulates capsule and RprA synthesis while negatively regulating motility.
  • RcsB also influences other functions independently of phosphorylation, in conjunction with auxiliary proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The Rcs phosphorelay exhibits flexibility within the two-component system paradigm.
  • Proper Rcs pathway regulation is vital for Escherichia coli commensalism, biofilm development, and pathogenesis.
  • This work provides new insights into the intricate control of bacterial physiology by the Rcs system.